शेयर कारोबार गर्ने सबै ले जान्ने पर्ने केहि key financial indicators and terms को बारेमा आज हामी यहाँ कुरा गर्दै छौ |

1. Price-to-Earnings Ratio (P/E Ratio):

• Formula: P/E = Current Share Price / Earnings Per Share (EPS)
• Purpose: Measures how much investors are willing to pay for each unit of a company’s earnings. A high P/E may indicate high future growth expectations, while a low P/E may suggest undervaluation or low growth prospects.

2. Earnings Per Share (EPS):

• Formula: EPS = Net Profit / Total Outstanding Shares
• Purpose: Indicates the profitability of a company on a per-share basis. Higher EPS generally signifies better profitability and is attractive to investors.

3. Dividend Yield:

• Formula: Dividend Yield = (Annual Dividends per Share / Share Price) × 100
• Purpose: Shows the return an investor gets in the form of dividends relative to the share price. High dividend yield stocks are often considered stable income investments.

4. Price-to-Book Ratio (P/B Ratio):

• Formula: P/B = Share Price / Book Value per Share
• Purpose: Compares a company’s market price to its book value (net assets). A ratio below 1 indicates that the stock may be undervalued.

5. Market Capitalization (Market Cap):

• Formula: Market Cap = Current Share Price × Total Outstanding Shares
• Purpose: Represents the total market value of a company. It’s used to categorize companies into large-cap, mid-cap, and small-cap for comparative analysis.

6. Free Cash Flow (FCF):

• Formula: FCF = Operating Cash Flow - Capital Expenditures
• Purpose: Shows the cash a company generates after accounting for expenses. Positive FCF indicates financial health and the ability to invest or pay dividends.

7. Beta (Volatility Indicator):

• Purpose: Measures a stock’s volatility compared to the market.
  • Beta > 1: More volatile than the market.
  • Beta < 1: Less volatile than the market.
  • Beta = 1: Moves in line with the market.
• High beta stocks are riskier but may offer higher returns, while low beta stocks are considered safer.

8. Return on Equity (ROE):

• Formula: ROE = (Net Income / Shareholders' Equity) × 100
• Purpose: Measures a company’s efficiency in generating profit using shareholders’ equity. Higher ROE is favorable.

9. Debt-to-Equity Ratio (D/E):

• Formula: D/E = Total Liabilities / Shareholders’ Equity
• Purpose: Indicates a company’s financial leverage. A high ratio means the company relies heavily on debt, which may be risky.

10. PEG Ratio (Price/Earnings to Growth):

• Formula: PEG = P/E Ratio / Annual EPS Growth Rate
• Purpose: Adjusts the P/E ratio for a company’s growth rate. A PEG ratio below 1 may indicate undervaluation.

11. Volume:

• Definition: Number of shares traded during a specific period.
• Purpose: High trading volume often signifies strong investor interest or activity, while low volume may indicate the opposite.

12. Moving Averages:

• Definition: Average share price over a specific time period (e.g., 50-day, 200-day moving averages).
• Purpose: Helps identify trends. If the current price is above the moving average, it may indicate an uptrend, and vice versa.

13. Relative Strength Index (RSI):

• Definition: A momentum indicator that measures the speed and change of price movements.
• Purpose: Indicates whether a stock is overbought (>70) or oversold (<30).

14. Net Asset Value (NAV):

• Formula: NAV = (Total Assets - Total Liabilities) / Total Outstanding Shares
• Purpose: Reflects the per-share value of the company’s assets. Often used for mutual funds and ETFs.

15. Book Value per Share (BVPS):

• Formula: BVPS = (Total Assets - Total Liabilities) / Total Outstanding Shares
• Purpose: Indicates the company’s net worth on a per-share basis.

16. Revenue Growth Rate:

• Formula: Revenue Growth = ((Current Period Revenue - Previous Period Revenue) / Previous Period Revenue) × 100
• Purpose: Measures the rate at which a company’s revenue is increasing, which is key for growth stocks.

17. Sector-Specific Ratios:

• Banking: Net Interest Margin (NIM), Non-Performing Asset (NPA) ratios.
• Real Estate: Price-to-Rent Ratio, Loan-to-Value (LTV) Ratio.
• Energy: Price per Barrel of Oil Equivalent (BOE), Renewable Capacity Growth.

Conclusion:

These indicators, when used together, give a comprehensive view of a company’s performance, valuation, and growth potential. They help investors make informed decisions about buying, holding, or selling a stock based on financial and market conditions.